A. ip route 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224 209.165.202.130
B. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.200.224
C. ip route 209.165.200.224 255.255.255.224 209.165.202.129 254
D. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.202.131
Correct Answer: C
ccna xxvii.In 802.Id, if a switch does not see a BPDU from the root switch within the maximum expiration time (20 seconds), it will run STP, select a new root switch, and create a new loop-free topology. This is a time consuming process. In 802.1W, if no BPDUs are received within 3 Hello intervals (6 seconds), the STP message can be allowed to expire immediately and the switch will consider the neighbor unavailable and take action. This differs from 802.Id, where in 802.1d action is taken only when no BPDUs are received from the root switch, whereas in 802.1W the switch takes action when it does not receive three consecutive Hello messages from a neighbor.13.3.3 RSTP Convergence FeaturesThe 802.Iw standard contains a number of new convergence features that are similar to the Cisco-specific UplinkFast and BackboneFast features. The first feature allows the switch to accept inferior BPDUs, which is similar to Cisco's BackboneFast feature.To understand this inferior BPDU feature, see Figure 13.Ho In this example, the root bridge is Switch A; on both Switches B and C, the ports directly connected to the root switch are the root ports. For the segment between Switch B and Switch C, Switch B provides the designated port, while Switch C provides the alternate port (a secondary path that allows the segment to travel to the root switch). Switch B also learns from the BPDUs sent by Switch C that its designated port is an alternate port (a secondary route that allows the switch to travel to the root switch) oIn the example shown in Figure 13.11, the link between the root switch and Switch B has failed. Switch B is able to detect this: no 3 Hello messages are received from the root port or a physical layer failure is detected. Id, Switch B will see the bad root BPDUs (BPDUs with higher overhead) coming through Switch C, so all ports will experience blocking, listening, and learning states to converge, which takes 50 seconds by default. When using the inferior BPDU feature, if Switch B knows that Switch C has an alternate port for the segment they are connected to, Switch B will notify Switch C to change the alternate port to the designated port, and Switch B will change its designated port to the root port. This process takes only a few seconds to complete.Figure 13.11 Accepting poor quality BPDUsThe second convergence feature introduced by 802.1W is fast switching. To support fast switching, two new concepts are introduced: edge ports and link types. An edge port is a port connected to a non-layer 2 device such as a PC, server, or router.RSTP quickly switches an edge port to a forwarding state, which is the same as the Cisco-specific PortFast feature. A change in the state of these ports does not cause RSTP to recalculate, and the ports will remain in the forwarding state when other port types change.In RSTP, fast switching can only be used for edge ports and point-to-point links. The link type is determined automatically based on the duplex mode of the connection. The switch makes the assumption that if a port connected to another switch is set to full duplex mode, it can quickly switch to the other state without waiting for any timers to expire. If it is in half-duplex mode, the fast switching feature will be disabled by default, but on a point-to-point half-duplex switch link, this feature can be enabled manually.Take a look at an example of fast switching on a point-to-point link, as shown in Figure 13.12. The topology shown in Figure 13.12 is the same as Figure 13.11, but in this example, the link between Switch A (the root switch) and Switch C is down and Switch C cannot travel to Switch A through its root port. o However, Switch C knows that it can travel to the root switch through Switch B based on the BPDUs it receives from Switch A and Switch B, and for the segment between Switch B and Switch segment between Switch C, Switch B provides the designated port (which is in the forwarding state). Based on this information, Switch C changes its alternate port to the root port, immediately switches it to the forwarding state, and informs Switch B of the changes made. if the segment failure between the root switch and Switch C is a physical link failure and not a failure to receive 3 HelloBPDUs in a row, this modification can usually be completed in less than 1 second.Figure 13.12 Quick Switch Example
A. ip route 209.165.201.0 255.255.255.224 209.165.202.130
B. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.200.224
C. ip route 209.165.200.224 255.255.255.224 209.165.202.129 254
D. ip route 0.0.0.0 0.0.0.0 209.165.202.131
Correct Answer: C
A. to analyze traffic and drop unauthorized traffic from the Internet
B. to transmit wireless traffic between hosts
C. to pass traffic between different networks
D. forward traffic within the same broadcast domain
Correct Answer: C
A. switchport mode trunk
B. switchport mode dynamic desirable
C. switchport mode dynamic auto
D. switchport nonegotiate
Correct Answer: B
A. transfers a backup configuration file from a server to a switch using a username and password
B. transfers files between file systems on a router
C. transfers a configuration files from a server to a router on a congested link
D. transfers IOS images from a server to a router for firmware upgrades
Correct Answer: D
A. different nonoverlapping channels
B. different overlapping channels
C. one overlapping channel
D. one nonoverlapping channel
Correct Answer: D
Exam Code: 200-301
Exam Duration: 120 minutes
Exam Topics:
Latest Update: 11.21,2024
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