ccna practice questions and answers pdf

ccna practice questions and answers pdf.Protocols are used to implement applications. Some protocols are open standards, which means that applications created by different vendors can interact with each other; some protocols are proprietary, which means that they apply only to specific applications. In the Internet, common protocols include Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), Internet Mail Access Protocol version 4 (IMAP4), and Post They are used to implement E-mail applications such as Sendmail and Microsoft Exchange; FTP, which is used to implement file transfer programs such as FTP Explorer. Transfer Protocol (HTTP), used to implement Web browsers such as Internet Explorer and Firefox, and Web servers such as Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS) and Apache.Some applications, such as E.mail programs, require very little bandwidth, while others, such as backup software, video software, and file transfer software, require a lot of bandwidth. Some applications are real-time, such as voice over IP (VoIP) and video programs; others run interactively, such as instant messaging and database queries; and still others run in batch mode, requiring little user intervention. Today's networks must be able to support all of these types of resources and applications, including specific requirements such as the bandwidth needs of file transfer programs and the low latency and low lag (lantency) needs of VoIP and video programs. Quality of service (QoS) is typically used to meet these demands.Exam Essentials VoIP and video traffic is latency and lag;? burst-sensitive, so QoS is often implemented to ensure that these applications are given sufficient bandwidth and prioritize their traffic to reduce latency. vOn.To build a network, three types of components are required: computers, network components, and media. Computer components (such as PCs and file servers running Microsoft Windows. OSX, UNIX [including Linux], or other operating systems) are responsible for delivering applications to users; network components (such as hubs, bridges, switches, routers, firewalls, wireless access points, modems, NT1 (a class 1 network terminator, an ISDN network termination device) and channel service units/data service units (CSU/DSU) are responsible for moving information between computers.Media (such as copper cables and fiber optic cables) are used to connect computers to network components so that information can be shared between these components. Radio waves are also a medium.1.1.3 Network sitesNetwork components can appear in a variety of contexts. Table 1.1 lists the common terms used to describe the sites where network components are found.Table 1.1 Definitions of Network Site TermsSmall Office / Home Office (SOHO) A user who works from home or a small office (a small number of users)Branch Office Small number of users working in a small area away from corporate headquarters, connected together via LAN