ccna 200-301 exam pdf

ccna 200-301 exam pdf.Network data can be encrypted (i.e., unreadable to unauthorized users) using different cryptographic applications. A session between two IP phone users can be encrypted, as can a file on a computer. These are just a few examples. Cryptography can be used almost everywhere data communication exists. In fact, the trend in cryptography is for all communications to be encrypted.Cryptography ensures the confidentiality of data, which is one of the 3 components of information security, the other two components being integrity and availability. Information security is concerned with protecting information and information systems from unauthorized access, use, leakage, damage, modification, or destruction. Encryption provides confidentiality by hiding plaintext data. Data integrity, which means that data remains unchanged during any operation, is achieved through the use of hashing mechanisms. Availability, meaning data accessibility, is ensured by network hardening mechanisms and backup systems.1.1.2 Drivers of Cyber Security1.1.2.1 HackersThe term "hacker (hacker)" has various meanings. To many people, a hacker is an Internet programmer who attempts to gain unauthorized access to devices on the Internet ±. It also refers to individuals who run programs to block or slow down access to the network for a large number of users, or to destroy, or erase, server data. But for some people, the word "hacker" also has a positive interpretation as a network practitioner who uses advanced Internet programming skills to ensure that the network is not vulnerable to attack. For better or worse, hacking is one of the drivers of cybersecurity.From a business perspective, it is important to minimize the impact of malicious hacks. When networks are slow or unresponsive, business productivity is lost. Data loss and data corruption will affect the profitability of business.It is the job of the cybersecurity practitioner to always be one step ahead of hackers by attending training and group discussions, participating in security organizations, subscribing to real-time feedback on threats, and reading information on secure websites on a daily basis. Cybersecurity practitioners must also have access to advanced security tools, protocols, skills, and techniques. Cybersecurity practitioners should have the qualities of a law enforcement officer in many ways. They should always be alert to malicious activities and have the skills and tools to minimize or eliminate the threats associated with those activities.Hacking inadvertently raises the demand for cybersecurity practitioners to a high level. However, the learning curve for cybersecurity is very steep compared to other technical careers and requires continuous learning to drill down.1.1.2.2 Evolution of hackingHacking began in the 1960s in the form of phonefreaking, or phreaking, which refers to the manipulation of telephone systems using multiple voice frequencies. Phreaking began when AT&T introduced automatic switching technology to its telephone system. AT&T telephone exchanges use different tones or audio dials to indicate different functions, such as call termination and dialed calls. Some AT&T users realized that by using whistles to mimic their tones, they could use the telephone exchange to make free long distance calls.