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ccna 200 301 bookshelf vitalsource online.Layer 3 also has a flat design with old-fashioned broadcast addresses, where the broadcast message is sent to all hosts in the same broadcast domain, and the host bit of the network broadcast address is all 1s.The following example will be familiar to you: 172.16.0.0 255.255.0.0 The network address for 172.16.255.255.0 is172.16.255.255 - all host bits are 1. There is also a broadcast address for "all hosts on any network": 255.255.255.255.5.2.3 Unicast AddressesA unicast address is an address that is configured on a single interface. For IPv4, there can be only one unicast address on an interface, and no other interface in the network can use this address.5.2.4 Multicast AddressesMulticast is a completely different kind of contraption. At first glance, it appears to be a hybrid of unicast and broadcast communications, but that is not quite the case. Multicast does allow point-to-multipoint communication, which is similar to broadcast, but it acts in a different way than broadcast. The key element of New Barren is that it allows multiple hosts to receive the same message without flooding that message to all hosts in the broadcast domain. This way of behaving is not the default behavior though, it is an effect that we are primed to achieve with the right configuration.Multicast works by sending messages or data to W multicast group addresses. The router looks to see which hosts are subscribed to the group address and then copies and forwards the packets from the appropriate interface (unlike a broadcast, the router does not forward the broadcast). This is where multicast messages differ from broadcast messages One-by-one, when using multicast communication, the reason144Theoretically, these replicated packets are only sent to hosts that are subscribed to the group address. I say "theoretically" because many hosts receive multicast packets to 224.0.0.9 (these are EIGRP packets, which are read only by routers running the EIGRP protocol). All hosts in the same broadcast LAN (Ethernet uses broadcast multiple access LAN technology) receive the frame, consult the destination address, and then immediately discard the frame unless the host is subscribed to the multicast group. This approach saves PC processing resources and not LAN bandwidth. If not implemented properly, multicast forwarding has the potential to cause severe LAN congestion in some cases.