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ccna 200 301 bookstore chains in the us.OSI defines connector standards for the physical layer as well as different physical topologies to enable separate systems to communicate with each other. The CCNA course focuses only on the IEEE Ethernet standard.Hubs that work at the physical layerA hub is actually a multi-port transponder. After the transponder receives a digital signal, it boosts or regenerates this signal and then forwards this digital signal out of all active ports without having to chase any data in the meantime. Active hubs do the same thing. After receiving a digital signal from a port on the hub, the hub will boost or regenerate this signal and then forward this digital signal out of all ports other than the receiving port. This means that all the devices connected to a hub belong to the same conflict domain and to the same broadcast domain. Figure 2.17 illustrates the networkhubs in the network. Figure 2.17 Hubs in a NetworkA hub, like a forwarder, does not inspect traffic during the time it receives it and transmits it to another portion of the physical media. All devices connected to a hub or multiple hubs can only listen if one device is transmitting data. The type of topology that a hub can create is a physical star network - the hub is the device in the center, and cables connect to the hub from all directions. From the outside, this design does lookresemble stars, but Ethernet networks run on a bus topology, so signals must traverse the network to get from one end to the other.Hubs and transponders can be used to extend the coverage of a single LAN segment, but I don't recommend it. LAN switches can accommodate most situations.2.4 SummaryWhew! -- you're done with this section! You now have the basic information; you're ready to move on and get on the path to certification.This chapter began with a simple and basic introduction to network interconnection, which also covered the difference between conflict and broadcast domains.