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cisco certification news.The access server and the RADIUS server authenticate the RADIUS protocol messages exchanged between them with a pre-shared key. All RADIUS protocol messages are transmitted in plaintext, with only the user password information in the ACCESS-REQUEST message being encrypted. 2.2. TACACS+Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+) is a private protocol developed by Cisco. It follows the client. Server model, where the TACACS + client is the access server and the TACACS + server is the computer that provides the TACACS + service (providing i.e., authentication, authorization, and accounting services).204 Chapter 4 Introduction to Access ControlSimilar to RADIUS, TACACS+ also has multi-protocol authentication capabilities and can support protocol extensions through the "vendor-specific" attribute field of its protocol messages. TACACS+ uses TCP as the transport layer protocol, and the TACACS+ server listens on TCP port 49. The use of TCP ensures the reliability of TACACS+ protocol messaging.The TACACS+ protocol executes the authentication, authorization, and bookkeeping processes in 3 separate steps. This allows other protocols (e.g., RADIUSW) to be used to perform authentication or bookkeeping. In addition, the authorization and accounting features of TACACS+ are more granular than RADIUS (e.g., support for authorization to execute specific commands), which makes the TACACS+ protocol the protocol of choice for managing remote device authorization services. The following types of protocol messages are exchanged between the TACACS+ server and the client.During authentication, START, REPLY, and CONTINUE protocol messages are exchanged.During authorization and accounting, REQUEST and RESPONSE protocol messages are exchanged. The following shows the protocol messages exchanged between the TACACS+ server and the client during the authentication process.1. the access server (TACACS+ client) sends a START message requesting that authentication be performed.