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cisco certification in uganda.I vineering reverse engineering existed before the advent of computers or modern technology. Today, reverse engineering can be used not only to steal or forge technology and "disprove" encryption algorithms, but also to analyze malware and perform cybersecurity forensics. Reverse engineering can even assist software developers in finding ways to interoperate with undocumentedorpartially documentedsoftware, and, even worse, it has been used to develop competing software (most of the time not legally). Reverse engineering has the ability to uncover vulnerabilities and can be used to locate vulnerabilities in systems (including compromised systems) and to analyze malware. With reverse engineering, security researchers and forensic experts can track malware at every step of its "evil", assess its potential damage, predict its infection rate, determine how to remove it from infected systems, and proactively defend against the threats it poses. The analysis of malware can also be extended to determine whether a given system is infected with malware and to gain a thorough understanding of how the malware operates. The purpose of acting in this way172 Chapter 3 Security Principles purpose is to uncover the intent of the malware and even its author. Two other uses of reverse engineering are to "override" encryption algorithms for the purpose of decrypting data and digital rights management (DRM) solutions. DRM reverse engineering techniques are used by threat actors to steal music, movies, e-books, and any other content protected by DRM solutions. There are many tools to perform reverse engineering, here are a few examples. System monitoring tools: tools that can expose programs to be reverse-engineered by sniffing, monitoring, exploring, and other means. Disassembler: a tool that takes as input an executable binary file of a program with a view to generating a text file, which will contain the assembly language code of the entire program or part of it. Debugger: With the help of this tool, the reverse engineer can observe the running program and set breakpoints. The tool also has a code trace function. The reverse engineer can use the debugger to step through the disassembly code and watch the system as it runs the program, one instruction at a time. Decompiler: a program that takes an executable binary file as input and attempts to generate readable high-level language code from it.3.10 Review of Examination Points This section reviews the important examination points in this chapter. Table 3.2 shows the examination points in this chapter......... Table 3-2 Exam Points(8S Exam Points DescriptionIntroduction to vulnerabilitiesSummary Definition of a threatSummary To the threat makerSummarize What is threat intelligence and what does it doSummary Definition of vulnerability exploitation