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ccna2 gene.The second solution is to implement triggered updates. Triggered updates are complementary to periodic updates in that the distance vector routing protocol will still generate periodic updates, but whenever the network changes, the router will generate updates immediately without waiting for the periodic timer to expire. This reduces convergence time, but it also presents a problem. If there is a flipped route that will trigger an update whenever its state changes, this will generate a lot of unnecessary broadcast traffic in the network, which in turn could lead to broadcast storms.1432 Problem: Routing LoopsAnother major problem with distance vectoring protocols is that they are prone to routing loops. Routing loops are Layer 3 loops in a network and are basically caused by a disagreement between routers on how to travel to a destination network. To verify the existence of a routing loop, use the ping X tool to check connectivity to the destination network: if you receive an answer "TTL exceeded during transmission", a routing loop exists (TTL refers to time to live). oRouting loop exampleLet's look at a simple example that illustrates the kind of problems that routing loops can cause, as shown in Figure 14.7. In this example, suppose that Router X initially advertises 192.168.4.0 to Router A, which in turn advertises it to Router B. However, Router X turns out to be faulty and no longer advertises 192.168.4.0. o Router A will eventually learn of this, because it does not receive routing updates from Router X. Subsequently, Router A adds this change to its routing table. Next, Router A must wait for its periodic timer to expire before it can forward that update to Router B. However, until then, Router B advertises its routing table to Router A, which contains the routing192.168.4.0, which allows Router A to think it can travel to this network via Router B. As Router A and Router B notify each other of 192.168.4.0, this creates confusion, even if 192.168.4.0 is reachable (actually not reachable), how to get to the network? In this example, router A thinks, to go to 192.168.4.0, the packet should be sent to router B; and router B thinks, to go toThis is a very simple example of a routing loop. Usually, routing loops are caused by confusion associated with periodic timer defects.192.168.3.0192.168.4.0Routing Table Network Interface Metric for Router A