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ccna salary per month in india.network number differs by how much: 256.254 = 2. It follows that the 3rd byte of the adjacent subnet number differs by 2. The last sentence is important. Don't forget that the entire 4th byte belongs to the host part, since in the subnet mask this byte has a value of 0 (all 8 bits are 0) oIn step 4, you need to keep listing the subnet numbers starting from the first one until the subnet number is greater than the IP address whose type you want to determine: 172.16.0.0, 172.16.2.0, 172.16.4.0, 172.16.6.0, 172.16.8.0, etc. Don't forget that the host portion of a Class B address is 16 bits by default, but when using the subnet mask shown here, 7 of those bits are borrowed to divide the subnet, with the remaining 9 bits used to represent the host address. When using 7 bits to divide the subnets, 128 subnets are created, each containing a total of 512 addresses. In each subnet, there are actually only 510 host addresses, because the first and last addresses are the network address and the directed broadcast address, respectively. As you can see from the address 172.16.5.0, it is definitely not a network address.Next, steps 5 and 6 are performed, listing the directed broadcast addresses and host addresses for each subnet, as shown in Table 6.11. From this table, it is clear that 172.16.5.0 is a host address! 172.16.0.255 is also a host address. This example shows that it is never necessary to determine the type of address without considering the subnet mask. Remember, the subnet mask provides the context for determining the type of IP address (network address, directed broadcast address, or host address).Table 6.11 Network Addresses, Directed Broadcast Addresses, and Host Addresses in 172.16.0.0/23Exam Essentials It is essential to do exercises like this over and over again when preparing for the exam In the exam, you may encounter tricky questions like the last example. You must be able to complete such exercises quickly and be able to determine the type of address in less than a minute. In the CCNA exam, tricky exam questions like this may appear. In practice, however, I usually do not useaddresses like 172.16.5.0 and 172.16.0.255 because it can be confusing to many network administrators. In fact, during network planning, I often argue with people about whether or not these addresses can be used as host addresses. I find that it's hard to get veterans to learn new skills, so rather than waste time arguing or explaining the legitimacy of these addresses, it's better not to use them. However, as far as the exam is concerned, these are valid host addresses!Practice Exercise 6.2 Determining Whether an IP Address is a Network Address, Directed Broadcast Address, or Host Address The previous subsections discussed how to determine the type of address: whether it is a network address, a directed broadcast address, or a host address. The following exercises will help you sharpen your IP addressing skills. Given the address 192.168.1.63/255.255.255.248, is it a network address, a directed broadcast address, or a host address? The relevant byte is the 4th byte (248). Subtract 256 from the value of that byte in the subnet mask: 256.248 = 8. So the adjacent subnet numbers differ by 8: 192.168.1.0, 192.168.1.8, 192.168.1.16, 192.168.1.24, 192.168.1.32, 192.168.1.40, 192.168.1.48, 192.168.1.48 192.168.1.56, 192.168.1.64, etc. After listing the directed broadcast address, you will find that the directed broadcast address for subnet 192.168.1.56 is 192.168.1.63,which contains the host address 57.62,so this is a broadcast address. 2. given address 172.16.4.255/255.255.252.0,is it a network address,directed broadcast address or a host address? The relevant byte is the 3rd byte (252) 0 Subtract 256 from the value of that byte in the subnet mask: 256 - 252 = 40 So the 3rd byte of the adjacent subnet number differs by 4: 172.16.0.0, 172.16.4.0, 172.16.8.0, 172.16.12.0, etc. After listing the directed broadcast address, you will find that the directed broadcast address for subnet 172.16.4.0 is 172.16.7.255,which contains the host address 172.16.4.1.172.16.7.254,so this is a host address.Exam Requirements Review IP AddressingFor the CCNA exam (whether you take it twice or once), the importance of being familiar with all aspects of IP addressing cannot be overstated. Of all the topics presented in this book, the topics presented in this chapter are probably the most important. Therefore, be sure to familiarize yourself with the address classes, including the default number of bits and the value of the first few bits of the network portion of each address class. Also, understand the three types of addresses that networks contain: network addresses, host addresses, and directed broadcast addresses. In every network, there are two addresses that are not available to host devices: the first address and the last address.For most candidates, the main reason for not passing the CCNA exam is probably lack of time: they understand the exam, but spend too much time answering the IP addressing and subnetting exam questions. Therefore, you must read this chapter over and over again and keep doing exercises like those in the sections "IP Address Planning" and "Determining the Type of IP Address" until you can complete them with your eyes closed.