ccna r&s exam fees

ccna r&s exam fees.Problems and Limitations of EthernetRemember that all devices connected to the same hub belong to the same conflict domain. The hub solves the problem of transmission distance and signal quality degradation.Conflict problem solutions are aware of the three types of traffic that switches flood: unicast, broadcast, and multicast with unknown destination addresses. ................Bridges and switches are used to solve bandwidth/conflict problems. Be sure to be able to determine how many conflict and broadcast domains they contain based on a network schematic consisting of hubs, switches, routers, and PCs: each port of a switch is a separate conflict domain, but unless a VLAN is used, all ports of a switch belong to the same broadcast domain;; each port of a router is a separate conflict and broadcast domain c Be sure to be familiar with the differences between bridges and switches, as shown in Table 4.1. Also, be sure to familiarize yourself with the three switching methods: store-and-forward, passthrough, and unfragmented, as well as the half-duplex andfull duplex, as shown in Table 4.2.Switching FunctionsChapter 4 Bridges and Switches 83You may encounter questions about how the switch learns MAC addresses and forwards frames. Study the examples in the "Switching Examples" section. Don't forget that the switch never learns the broadcast and multicast addresses because they appear only in the destination MAC address field of the frame header and not in the source MAC address field.4.5 Authentication SummaryThis chapter highlights the advantages of using bridges and switches in a network. Ethernet has a conflict problem; this problem was initially solved using bridges, and currently switches have replaced bridges with numerous advantages, including providing a large number of ports, supporting full duplex, supporting different Ethernet speeds, providing dedicated connections, supporting simultaneous transmission of multiple sessions, and forwarding frames at very high speeds.