ccna question pattern

ccna question pattern.Table 3.7 Binary to decimal and hexadecimal conversionsExam points Make sure you are familiar with binary to decimal and hexadecimal conversions and conversions between hexadecimal and decimal.324 MAC AddressesMAC addresses are 48 bits long and are expressed as hexadecimal numbers. When expressed in hexadecimal, a MAC address is 12 characters long, where each character is equivalent to 4 binary bits.For readability, the MAC address is represented in a dotted hexadecimal format similar to the following: FFFF.FFFF.FFFFo Some formats use a colon (:) or a hyphen (.) instead of a period; in some cases, a colon is used to separate pairs of hexadecimal characters like the following: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.As stated in Chapter 2, the first 6 bits of the MAC address indicate the vendor or manufacturer of the NIC; these 6 bits are often referred to as the Organizational Unique Identifier (OUI), and each vendor has one or more OUIs. the last 6 bits uniquely identify the NIC produced by a particular vendor o In theory, each NIC's MAC address is unique, but this may not be the case in practice. It is important to you that the MAC address of the NIC be unique within the current physical or logical network segment. A logical network segment is a virtual LAN (VLAN), called a broadcast domain, which is discussed in Chapter 12. Some devices (such as Cisco routers) allow you to modify the MAC address of the NIC, while others do not.Exam Essentials It is possible to have the same MAC address in different broadcast domains (virtual LANs), which are discussed in Chapters 9 and 12.Each data link layer frame contains two MAC addresses: the source MAC address (the host that generated the frame) and the destination MAC address (the device that will receive the frame and, in the case of multicast or broadcast, the Bay IJ for multiple devices). If the frame is sent to only one device, the destination MAC address is the unicast address; if the frame will be sent to all devices, the destination MAC address is the broadcast address. MAC shun where all binary bits are ] is called a local broadcast ±fe±lt: FFFF.FFFF.FFFF. unicast, broadcast, and multicast MAC shun are discussed in Chapter 2.A local broadcast (such as a frame with a destination MAC address of FFFF.FFFFF.FFFF) will travel throughout the broadcast domain; the broadcast domain may be one Ethernet segment or multiple Ethernet segments-if they are all located within a VLAN (see Chapter 12). A key point to note is that Layer 3 devices such as routers do not propagate local broadcasts from one Layer 3 interface to another. In fact, this is one of the advantages of using a router: each of its interfaces is a separate broadcast domain.Authentication Target 3.03