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ccna exam fees in india 2020 in rupees.The convergence time for STP typically takes 30.50 seconds. While PortFast technology allows a switch port to enter the forwarding state as soon as a device is accessed by the port without having to wait for the 2 forwarding delay for spanning tree convergence. BPDU Guard is primarily used in conjunction with the PortFast feature. An enabled PortFast port is likely to cause a switch loop once it is connected to a switch. o BPDUGuard enables a PortFast port to shut down once it receives a BPDU. 2.2. RootGuardEnabling RootGuard on a port can force the port to be a designated port, thus preventing the switch on the other side from becoming a root bridge. If a port with RootGuard set receives a new BPDU that is better than the original BPDU, it will set the port to Blocking state, after a period of time, if it receives a worse BPDU again, it will restore the original state of the port, which is different from BPDU Guardo14.2 Overview of RSTP and MSTP14.2.1 RSTP IntroductionRSTP (IEEE802.lw) is a development of the IEEE802.1d standard. Most of the terminology of RSTP is consistent with IEEE802.Id STP terminology. The vast majority of parameters remain unchanged, so learning RSTP is very easy with proficient knowledge of STP. RSTP is able to achieve a fairly fast convergence rate, sometimes only a few hundred milliseconds. The characteristics of RSTP are described below.1 Integrates many enhancements to Cisco's IEEE802.Id, such as PortFast>UplinkFast>BackboneFast, these enhancements do not require additional configuration.2 RSTP uses the same BPDU format as IEEE IEEE802. Id, but its version field is set to 2 to represent RSTP, and all 8 bits of the flag field are used up. The RSTPBPDU format is shown in Figure 14-6.2 bytes Protocol ID=0x00001 byte Protocol Version ID=xO2