ccna before oscp

ccna before oscp.Support for organizational frameworks, as the practice of using Local RegistrationAuthorities (LRAs) and user authentication is understood. Support for legal frameworks.Many vendors (including VeriSign>EntrustTechnologies>RSA^ CyberTrustMicrosoft and Novell) offer CA servers as a hosted service or as an end-user product. CAs, especially outsourced CAs, are able to issue different levels of certificates, with the level determining how much the certificate is trusted. A single outsourced vendor, such as VeriSign, can run a CA that issues different levels of certificates, and its customers use the CAo according to the level of trust required.The certificate level is usually identified by a number. The larger the number, the more the certificate is trusted. Trust in a certificate is generally determined by the rigor of the certificate issuance process for verifying the identity of the holder.The trust in the certificate is generally determined by the stringency of the authentication process of the holder when the certificate is issued. Level 0 is used for testing purposes and is not checked. Level 1 is used for personal use and is concerned with the verification of email. Level 2 is used by organizations that require proof of identity. Level 3 is used for server and software signatures, where independent verification and checking of identity and privileges is done by the certification authority issuing the certificate. Level 4 is used for inter-company online business transactions. Level 5 is used for the security of private organizations or governments. For example, a Level 1 certificate may require the certificate holder to send an email to confirm its intent to register. This type of confirmation is a weak authentication of the holder.This type of confirmation is a weak authentication of the holder. For a level 3 or 4 certificate, the holder must carry at least two official ID documents to prove identity and verify the public key.7.4.4.4 Scenarios for PKI useSome PKI's allow or require the use of two key pairs per entity. The first pair of public and private keys is used only for cryptographic operations. The public key encrypts and the private key decrypts. The second pair of public and private keys is used for digital signature operations. The private key signs and the public key verifies the signature.These keys are sometimes referred to as usage (usage) or special keys. Their key lengths may differ, and even the public key algorithms chosen may be different. If PKI requires two key pairs per entity, a user has two certificates. An encryption certificate contains the user's public key, which is used to encrypt the data, and a signing certificate contains the user's public key, which is used to verify the user's digital signature.The following are typical scenarios for deploying a usagekey. When an encryption certificate is used much more frequently than a signing certificate, its public and private key pairs are more likely to be exposed due to frequent use. In this case, a better practice is to shorten the life of the encryption key pair and replace it frequently, while maintaining a longer life for the private and public key pairs used for signing. Usage keys allow administrators to specify different key lengths for the two key pairs when the requirements for encryption and digital signature levels are inconsistent due to legal, export, or performance issues. When key recovery is required, such as when keeping a backup of a user's private key in a centralized repository for various backup reasons, usage keys allow212 Chapter 7 Cryptosystems allows the user to back up only the private key in the encryption pair. The signed private key remains with the subscriber for true nonrepudiation.